'Agnikul' Set To Launch Inaugural Space Flight With World's First 3-D Printed Engine

In a historic move, Agnikul Cosmos is set to launch its inaugural space flight with the world's first 3-D printed engine. Agnikul Cosmos is an aerospace startup based in Chennai that specializes in satellite launch vehicle development.

Agnikul Satellite Startup with 3D Printed Engine [Credit-Zee Business]

According to a report by the Economic Times, the upcoming mission serves as a technological demonstrator and emulates Agnikul's planned orbital launch. According to the startup sources, the first commercial launch is anticipated in 2024- but on a smaller scale. 

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Agnikul Cosmos's Historic Move-in Satellite Launch Sector:

According to Agnikul's Chief Executive Srinath Ravichandran, "

We are looking to launch by the end of the year. One test is pending, which will be conducted on our campus at IIT-Madras. Once the final reviews with ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) are complete, we are good to go as the launch vehicle is already at the launch pad"

 

Agnikul Chief Executive Srinath Ravichandran [Credit- The Hindu]

Mr. Ravichandran added that this is not a sounding rocket but is a complex machine, so we want to get it right in the first attempt.

Space tech analysts say that if the Angikul Cosmos mission proves successful, the startup will become India's second private company to develop a small satellite launch vehicle. The first is the Skyroot Aerospace which launched its Vikram S in November 2022. Agnikul Cosmos is incubated at the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras campus.

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Advantages of Agnikul Cosmos Startup:

Mr. Ravichandran highlighted a key-distinction between Agnikul's rocket, Agnibaan, and the Vikram S. The Vikram S is a sounding rocket launched from guide rails while Agnibaan would lift off vertically, following a predetermined trajectory and executing precisely orchestrated manoeuvers during flight.

Rocket Vikramas S [Credit-You Tube]

He highlighted Agnibaan's specification that it is SubOrbital Technological Demonstrator [SOrTeD] and is a highly customizable, single-stage launch vehicle. It can carry up to 300kg payload to orbits around 700km above the ground.

It will basically serve satellites in the low Earth Orbit. Anirban would follow a plug-and-play configuration, adapting to the size of the satellite taken to space.

One of the biggest advantages of the Agnikul Cosmos is the propellant system and the resizing of their launch vehicle. The Agnikul Startup provides customizable sizes of launch vehicles that can be configured for a particular payload size or satellite size. In Agnikul's rocket, liquid propellants are reusable and safer compared to solid propellants.

Agnikul's patented Agnilet engine stands as the world's first single-piece 3D-printed engine that is designed and manufactured entirely in the country under Made in India. It was successfully test-fired in 2021, considered an achievement and a milestone for 3D printing technology in India, which was earlier reserved for medical implants.

Agnikul Satellite Startup-IIT Madras [Credit-DNA India]

Agnikul Cosmos satellite vehicle startup looks for a customer base encompassing entities, building small satellites, and aiming for a low Earth orbit. Its payloads will mainly consist of communication and imaging satellites.

Agnikul's 3D printing Rocket Factory houses a metal 3D printer from EOS, along with other machine facilities and end-to-end rocket engine manufacturing within a single facility.

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The Quad and The Security Scenario in The Indo-Pacific Region

The Quad Security Scenario in Indo-Pacific [Credit-The Diplomatist]

External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar delivered a detailed speech on the Quad and the security scenario in the Indo-Pacific Region on 23 February 2024 during the Raisena Dialogue conference in New Delhi.

The Minister stated the Quad is a statement and that others cannot have a "veto" on the choices of like-minded, friendly nations. The coalition is here to stay, grow, and contribute to global prosperity. He gave the statement amid mounting global concerns over China's rising assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific.

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The Quad Overhead Light, Multipolar Order, and Multipronged Enterprise:

The External Affairs Minister said the Quad indicates the growth of a multipolar global order, while its central approach is collaborative and not unilateral. It has been focusing on bolstering cooperation to ensure a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific in the face of Chinese aggression.

In an address at a think-tank, he described the coalition of India, The US, Japan, and Australia as an 'overhead light. It is a creative, flexible, nimble, responsive, and open-mind enterprise.

Minister S Jaishankar said,

" All four governments have behaved differently....normally do. The Quad is an overhead light.... creative, flexible, nimble, responsive, and open-minded enterprise. There are no adjectives...... associated with the bureaucracy."

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Five Messages of the Quad and the Security in Indo-Pacific Region:

The Minister also said that the Quad has five important messages. First, the Quad indicates the growth of a multipolar world order. Two, it is a post-alliance and post-Cold War thinking. Third, it is against any spheres of influence. Fourth, it expresses the democratization of the global space and a collaborative, not unilateral, approach. Finally, fifth, it is a statement that in this day and age, others cannot have a veto on our choices.

Quad as an Overhead Light, Multipolar Order, and Multipronged Enterprise [Credit-Gonewsindia]

S Jaishankar elaborated that the Quad is facilitated by the emergence of the Indo-Pacific to propel a change in the global order that requires more and not less collaboration.

The Minister answered that the Quad is here to stay, the Quad is here to grow, and the Quad is here to contribute. He called to make it more contemporary, relevant, and impactful.

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Other Members in Quad Japan, Australia, and the US:

Australian Foreign Minister Penny Wong, who joined through virtual mode, said Quad stands for a region, that is, free from intimidation and coercion. Where competition is managed responsibly, and disputes are settled per international laws.

The Foreign Minister of Japan, Yoko Kamikawa, in a brief video message, said the world has been facing deep divisions. So, it is necessary to maintain and strengthen a free and open international order based on the rule of law.

Quad and the Security in Indo-Pacific Region [Credit-MyInd.net]

Yoko Kamikawa asserted that Japan, with its allies and like-minded countries, is working to further develop a free and open Indo-Pacific, and the Quad is one of the most important initiatives to this end. It has steadily implemented initiatives in maritime critical and emerging technologies, cyber, and counter-terrorism to move forward.

The Deputy Secretary of State US, Kurt Campbell, said the Indo-Pacific remains the world's most dynamic and rapidly evolving region. So, the strength of the Quad is its ability to harness the capabilities and resources of the four nations together to deliver concrete outcomes that benefit all.

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S Jaishankar said the Quad is not about forcing the region to choose between strategic competitors is about preserving and creating options so that communities, institutions, and countries can make decisions to benefit their people.

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Elon Musk Named Son 'Chandrasekhar' Revealed at AI Summit

Elon Musk named his son Chandrasekhar [Credit-YouTube]

The visionary entrepreneur Elon Musk named son 'Chandrasekhar' was recently revealed at the first AI summit in London UK.' The name pays tribute to the renowned Indian Nobel physicist, Professor S. Chandrasekhar.

Elon Musk is a world-famous tech giant with several high-tech companies, like Tesla, Space X, Neuralink, and X [formally Twitter]. ELon's partner, Shivon Zilis, has one son named Chandrasekhar.

Elon Musk Named his son 'Chandrasekhar' revealed at the First AI Summit In the UK:

The name revelation was made during a meeting between Elon Musk and Rajeev Chandrasekhar at the Global AI Summit in Britain. Rajeev Chandrasekhar is the minister of State for Electronics and Information Technology for India to represent there.

Rajeev Chandrasekhar with Elon Musk [Credit-Times Now]

Professor S. Chandrasekhar won a Nobel Prize in physics in 1983 for his scientific study of stars. He contributed to the theoretical studies of the physical processes of stars. His study on the structure and evolution of stars is considered a pioneering work in the scientific community.

The child named Chandrasekhar is with Elon's partner, Shivon Zilis, and both have several children, including twins. Shivon Alice Zilis is a Canadian Venture capitalist who specializes in technology and artificial intelligence.

Shivon confirmed Elon Musk named son Chandrasekhar 'choice' and said they affectionately call their son 'Sekhar' for short. Chandrasekhar is the middle name of their son. She shares an incredible story of naming their child.

The name was selected willingly to honor their children's heritage and to recognize the incredible scientific contributions of prominent professor Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.

British PM Rishi Sunak Call held the First Global AI Summit. The motive was to emphasize the AI safety measures, which is a global concern rather than a particular nation. The Summit brings together policymakers, investors, and innovators to discuss the current state and future of AI. 

First AI Summit at the UK [Credit-The Herald]

The AI Summit is a good sign of the world-level coordinated efforts to tackle the futuristic menace. The naming of Elon Musk's son ''Chandrasekhar" is an excellent amalgamation of honoring both the scientific community and cultural heritage. It symbolizes global interconnectedness and mutual respect across cultures and societies.

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First Human Implanted With The Neuralink Brain-Chip Starts Control Function

First Human Implanted With The Neuralink Brain-Chip [Credit-TOI]

Neuralink sets a historic record for advancing biological science and technology on 19 Feb 2024. The first human patient implanted with a Neuralink brian-chip has recovered and is moving a 'mouse around the computer screen just by thinking.'

Neuralink startup founder and visionary biotech giant, Elon Musk confirms the news and says the first human implanted with a brain chip appears to have fully recovered and can control a computer mouse using their thoughts. 

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Neuralink Get Node For Implanting The Telepathy Brain-Chip:

Neuralink successfully implanted the Telepathy chip in the patient last month after approval. All concerned US authorities and administration granted permission for human trial recruitment in September 2023, last year.

Musk writes on X [Twitter],

"As we are aware, progress is good, and the patient seems to have made a full recovery from the neural effects. The patient can move a mouse by just thinking around the screen."

Elon elaborated that Neuralink is now trying to get as many mouse button clicks as possible from the implanted chip human.

Neuralink Get Node For Implanting The Telepathy [Credit-BioTecNika]

In a surgical move, Neuralink uses a robot to surgically place a brain-computer chip implant in a specific region of the brain that controls the intention to move. The system consists of a computer chip attached to tiny flexible threads stitched into the brain by a 'sewing machine' like a robot.

The robot removes a small chunk of the skull and connects the thread-like electrodes to specific areas of the human brain. It stitches up the hole, and the only visible remains is a scar left behind.

Musk said that the incision procedure takes just 30 minutes. It does not even require general anesthesia. The patient will be able to return home on the same day. However, it is still unclear whether all the promises apply to the first patient to receive the implant. Musk says he or she is recovering well.

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Purpose of Implanting Neuralink Brain Chip:

According to Elon Musk, the company's initial goal is to let people control a computer cursor or keyboard by their thoughts and communicate wirelessly. It works like communicating wirelessly with the world, replacing a piece of the skull with a smartwatch.

The Telepathy chip would enable us to share our thoughts, fears, hopes, and anxieties without demeaning ourselves. It would work with written or language-spoken claims of the startup.

Purpose of Implanting Neuralink Brain Chip [Credit-DailyMail]

The brain chip system also could help paralyzed people walk again and cure other neurological ailments. In response to a question, Musk said he'd be comfortable implanting a brain chip into one of his children. We are at the point where, at least in my opinion, it would not be dangerous.

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Neural Ink's Prime Study Telepathy and Controversy:

The Implantation of brain chip 'Telepathy' in a human is part of Neuralink's Prime study. It is a trial to evaluate the safety of the implant and the surgical robot that does the procedure.

Elon Musk has grand ambitions for Neuralink. He says it would facilitate speedy surgical insertions of its chip devices to treat conditions like obesity, autism, depression, and schizophrenia. 

It has faced repeated calls for security regarding its safety protocols and animal testing. The biotech startup has spent the past few years testing the implant on animals, which has provided mixed results.

Neural Ink's Prime Study Telepathy and Controversy [Credit-NY Post]

Elon Musk, in the year 2020 presentation, unveiled the Neuralink chip to the public for the 'very first' time. It demonstrated the chip functions on a pig named Gertrude. Gertrude's brain signals were visualized on the screen in real-time. She snuffled around her pen that was being picked up by her implant.

Another pig involved in the Neuralink chip demonstration had once had an implant but then had it removed and was living a healthy life. The following year, Elon did another demonstration with a macaque monkey. Macaque was playing a computer game by thinking alone.

However, Neuralink confirmed in February 2022 that monkeys had died during its tests. However, they denied any animal abuse in front after a complaint by a non-profit organization Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine [PCRM] to the US Department of Agriculture.

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Elon Musk's an Influencer and Global Empire:

Today, Elon Musk stands among the top list of billionaires. He is the mastermind or bestmind behind some of the most ingenious technology projects of the modern era. The billionaire entrepreneur is the boss of carmaker Tesla, private space firm SpaceX, and brain chip-computer interface startup Neuralink. 

Musk, who routinely tops the list as the world's richest person, became more famous than ever when he bought Twitter in 2022. He has invested his $192 billion fortune in. Neuralink was valued at about $5 billion last year. Whether you hate or like him, you cannot avoid him.

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India Impressively Starts Brain Gain 'Vaibhav' Scheme Reversing The Brain Drain

India Impressively Starts Brain Gain 'Vaibhav' Scheme by Reversing The Brain Drain [Credit-ThinkWithNiche]

India took a critical move and started the 'Vaibhav' brain gain scheme by reversing the brain drain. Nearly 75 Indian diaspora scientists may return and serve in different projects in India over the next three years. 

Under the government's new fellowship scheme, multiple science and technology projects would be worth around Rs. 80 crore. As per government sources, the first batch of 22 fellows has already been selected. These candidates are expected to join the institutes in April this year.

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Vaibhav Scheme By the Department of Science and Technology:

The Department of Science and Technology [DST] government of India has launched a scheme named Vaibhav. Under the Vaibhav scheme, the DST has already completed its first call for proposals and initiated the second call. 

According to Dr. Charu Aggrawal from the DST, the call is being made to all scientists of Indian origin engaged in active research in recognized institutes abroad. They should have at least five years to collaborate with a reputed institute/university, including the IITs in India.

Vaibhav Scheme By the Department of Science and Technology [Credit-Civilsdaily]

Scientists have to be required to spend 1-2 months manually for a maximum of three years. They will be provided a grant of Rs. 4 lakh per year [$4800]. Scientists may take leave to come and work in India briefly but must submit a consent letter from their parent institute.

The fellowship under the Vaibhav scheme will also cover their international travel from the parent institute to India once a year. They will get fully-furnished local accommodation for two months and Rs. 1 lakh/year for research expenditure in India. They will also get entitlements for their domestic travel to institutes within India.

Science and Technology Ministry will also provide financial support up to Rs. 5 lakh per year for three years to the institute for facilitating fellow scientists for research work. While scientists have to spend just two months in a year, the respected institute will have to complete the project within three years and will connect online for the rest of the year. 

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Priority Sectors Under the Vaibhav Scheme:

The scientists will be selected based on a research proposal to be submitted by the host institute to collaborate with. All the funds would be released to the respective institute, which will disburse it to the fellow.

However, the fellowship under the Vaibhav scheme is open for all areas under the departments of Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics as well as Medicine [STEMM]. Artificial Intelligence [AI], Machine Learning [ML], and Data Science will be among the priorities.

Dr. Charu Agrwal says,

"It is a good opportunity for our scientists working abroad to collaborate with their local counterparts......... value to both. The Indian diaspora has access to new innovations and futuristic technology.......share with the students here. It is like giving back to the country in a way and a win-win situation.....all."

Some areas are also being prioritized in line with the government's scientific missions launched recently. These are the National Quantum Mission, National Supercomputing Mission, Deep Ocean Mission, and the Plan to get the Indian diaspora to engage.

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Applications Submission Under the Vaibhav Scheme:

The DST Ministry has planned to shortlist as many as 75 scientists from countries across the globe based on their research proposals that will also benefit Indian research. The first call was made last year, of which, 302 proposals were received. 22 candidates have been selected across 18 different verticals.

Applications Submission Under the Vaibhav Scheme [Credit-Indoeuropean. eu]

The second call was made this January and will end by March 15 after scrutiny of their applications. Scientists from the US, Sweden, Norway, Australia, Singapore, Japan, and the UK have applied extensively. The maximum number of scientists are from the US and Canada who are keen to engage with local institutes.

The process of proposals examination is conducted by an Expert Review Committee with members from different ministers including The Earth Sciences, New and Renewable Energy, Health, Electronics, and IT.

The fellowship under the Vaibhav Scheme is open to all Non-resident Indians [NRIs], persons of Indian Origin [POI], and Overseas Citizens of India [OCI] currently employed abroad.

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NASA Will Help ISRO On Multiple Space Projects; Bill Nelson

The American Space Agency, NASA, administrator Bill Nelson said NASA will help the ISRO on multiple projects in coming years. The American Space Agency will help train and send an Indian astronaut to space in 2024, launch the costliest satellite, and the interplanetary discovery probes.

NASA Chief Bill Nelson in India [Credit-Youtube]

According to The Times of India report, Indian astronauts will be on the International Space Station by the end of next year. This would be the first time in four decades that an Indian would travel to space after Rakesh Sharma's 1984 travel aboard the Soviet-era Soyuz T-11 spacecraft.

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Bill Nelson's Visit Will Strengthen India-US Space Cooperation:

According to media reports, Bill Nelson says, India is a great partner for the US and also a great future partner for the activities in space. He said the US will launch several private landers on the south pole of the Moon in the coming year. But India was the first to reach there, so congratulations to them.

Mr. Nelson will visit many cities in India to strengthen India-US cooperation on space in many sections. He met Union Space Minister Jitendra Singh and congratulated him on the successful landing of the lunar rover Chandrayaan-3.

 NASA and ISRO Co-operation on Multiple Projects:

The former US Senator from Florida said that NASA is ready to collaborate with India if India desires to build its own space station. Bill Nelson said,

"I think India..... to have a commercial space station by 2040. If India wants to collaborate with us............ we will be available. That is up to India."

When asked about the Indian astronaut space mission, he said, the selection of the astronaut will be done by the ISRO and NASA won't be a part of it. Details of the mission are being worked out by ISRO authorities.

He added that NASA is ready to collaborate with ISRO and plan an interplanetary mission with India but it all depends on ISRO. He says NASA and ISRO will jointly launch the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar [NISAR] in the first quarter of next year.

Bill Nelson with Rakesh Sharma [Credit-News9 Live]

The NISAR satellite would cost $1 billion, one of the world's costliest satellites. It will observe the surface of the Earth and its climate. The NISAR will especially measure any changes in Earth's surface, land, water, or any movement in ice mass.

The satellite will give a three-dimensional model, conveying important information about the future of planet Earth. He says NASA is also identifying opportunities in private astronaut missions for Indian astronauts and has meetings with leaders in Mumbai.

Nelson recalled when he saw India for the first time from space. Mr. Nelson flew to space on the Columbia spacecraft shuttle almost four decades ago. He is mesmerized when sharing those memories. 

"The first time I saw India was from space, ......................... in January 1986. I saw Sri Lanka first...... as I moved my eyes upward, I could see the entire India. Then I saw the Himalayas ....... top of the country that looked like heaven." 

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Importance of Internationalizing The Indian Rupee Currency And Its Challenges

India in recent times, especially after starting the Russia-Ukraine war, has been actively working towards internationalizing the Indian Rupee currency [INR]. The Indian government has aimed to encourage more countries to use the INR in various international transactions.

Importance of Internationalizing The Indian Rupee Currency And Its Challenges [Credit-Linkedin]

The government of India, however, gained some success with their strong efforts but there have been a lot of challenges, particularly in crucial sectors such as oil trade.

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Importance of Internationalizing the Indian Rupee Currency:

There are several reasons that derive India's push to internationalize the rupee currency. One of the prime factors is the need to facilitate trade with sanctioned countries like Iran, Venezuela, or Russia. These countries are UN or US-sanctioned and the use of the US dollar is restricted.

Using the rupee as an international currency helps reduce pressure on India's foreign exchange reserves, especially when the country has substantial import bills, like $700 billion spent on imports in the previous fiscal year.

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Challenges in Internationalizing The Indian Rupee Currency:

Despite the positive work and motivation behind internationalizing the rupee currency, notable challenges are hindering its widespread adoption. The first major obstacle is that it is not fully convertible. 

Challenges in Internationalizing The Indian Rupee Currency [Credit-Samvada World]

Foreign traders are facing limitations and require government approvals when converting large sums of rupees. This step makes the convertible process less attractive in foreign countries. The second big challenge is what other countries can do with the rupee especially when trade imbalances exist.

India imports oil, a major percentage by the state-owned companies, and does not involve the use of the Indian Rupee as an international currency. It is quite surprise that no crude oil imports have been settled in INR in the last fiscal year 2022-2023.

The Ministry of Petroleum attributes this concern raised by suppliers about the repatriation of funds in the preferred currency. They also raised concerns about the high transactional costs associated with currency conversion.

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Suggestions To Overcome These Challenges:

To overcome these challenges, The government of India can learn from its neighbor China's strategy with the Yuan. Although the Chinese Yuan is not fully convertible yet China has successfully paid its bills for Russian oil.

Chinese approach suggests producing goods that the world wants to buy. It can also enhance the acceptance of a partially convertible currency. 

India can also consider making the rupee fully convertible and allow foreign investors and traders to exchange and use it without any restrictions. According to experts, this move may come with the downside of relinquishing some control over the rupee value. It requires a shift in India's economic strategy.

Suggestions To Overcome These Challenges [Credit-IAS Rau's]

We know that the internalization of the Indian Rupee Currency is a complex process. It requires steps to overcome challenges and find viable solutions. It is important to understand the global acceptance of a currency takes time.

The fundamentals of the Indian economy, strong export base, and cooperative trading partners are and will play pivotal roles in determining when the rupee becomes a more prominent international currency. 

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Bharat Ratna Awards For Respected Leaders For Their Esteemed Field Services

Bharat Ratna Awards For Respected Leaders [Credit-Pune Mirror]

The government of India, in historic announcements, declared the conferment of the Bharat Ratna to three distinguished personalities. The nation's highest civilian award is conferred to those who have made invaluable contributions to the country in their respective fields.

Former Prime Minister Chaudhary Charan Singh, Former Prime Minister Shri PV Narasimha Rao, and Dr. MS Swaminathan are the esteemed leaders/recipients of this prestigious honor.

In a series of tweets, PM Modi announced the conferring of the Bharat Ratna to these personalities and recognized their unparalleled contributions to agriculture, farmer's welfare, nation-building, and economic reforms. 

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Bharat Ratna for Chaudhary Charan Singh:

Known as the lifelong advocate for Farmer's Rights. The late Chaudhary Charan Singh served as the Prime Minister of India in 1979 during the Janta Dal government. Chaudhary Charan Singh has been posthumously honored with the Bharat Ratna for his unwavering dedication to the welfare of farmers.

Bharat Ratna for Chaudhary Charan Singh [Credit-X]

Throughout his political career, including as the Chief Minister of UP and the Home Minister of India, advocated the course of farmers and played a significant role in nation-building. His activeness during the anti-emergency drive and commitment to democracy have been highlighted as sources of inspiration for the entire nation.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed pride in the government's good fortune to honor Chaudhary Singh's legacy and his incomparable contributions to the farmer's community and overall to the country.

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Bharat Ratna for PV Narasimha Rao:

Popularly known as the Architect of Economic Liberalization. Prime Minister Modi tweeted that the government is also delighted to award the Bharat Ratna to Shri PV Narasimha Rao. 

The government of India recognized his visionary leadership that ushered India into a new era of economic development. PM tweeted, as a distinguished scholar and statesman, that Rao's tenure as the Prime Minister of India was marked by significant economic reforms.

Bharat Ratna for PV Narasimha Rao [Credit-X]

Those reforms opened India's markets to the world and laid a solid foundation for the country's prosperity and growth. Even Rao's contributions extended beyond economic policy, enriching India's foreign policy, language, and education sectors.

Prime Minister also mentioned that Rao's multifaceted legacy as a leader who steered India through critical transformations has been duly acknowledged.

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Bharat Ratna for Dr. MS Swaminathan:

Known as the Pioneer of Green Revolution or Agricultural Revolution. PM Modi tweeted that the government has acknowledged Dr. MS Swaminathan's monumental role in transforming Indian agriculture and ensuring the country's food security.

Dr. Swaminathan is also known as the father of the Indian Green Revolution. His efforts in modernizing agriculture have been instrumental in achieving self-reliance in food production during critical times.

Bharat Ratna for Dr. MS Swaminathan [Credit-X]

Dr. Swaminathan's work as an innovator and mentor in encouraging research and learning among students has also been celebrated. Prime Minister personally reflected on Dr. Swaminathan's visionary leadership and his close relationship.

PM Modi's close relationship emphasized the profound impact of his insights and contributions to the nation's prosperity.

Prime Minister Modi also earlier announced the country's highest civilian honor for LK Advani and Karpoori Thakur. Shri LK Advani was known as the Mastercraft of the Ram Mandir movement in 1990, and Karpoori Thakur was a strong voice and leader of the backward class that is Mandal Ayog. 

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